The third strategy is emphasizing scientific researches. After the outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease（covid-19）, a lot of studies have been carried out, focusing on the basic reproductive capacity (R0), the source and characteristics of pathogens, the epidemic characteristics and epidemic trend of infectious diseases, as well as the effect evaluation of prevention and intervention measures. These studies are very necessary for scientific risk assessment, timely warning and exploring scientific prevention and control measures in the future. A reporting paper published online in the journal of Science traced the spread of novel coronavirus in China in the first 50 days of the outbreak and how control measures minimized transmission. By fitting an epidemic model to the time series of cases reported in each province in China, the researchers estimated that the basic case reproduction number (R0) was 3.15 prior to the implementation of the emergency response on 23 January. After the implementation of interventions was 95% complete everywhere, the case reproduction number had fallen to 0.04 on average, consistent with the rapid decline in incidence. The fourth strategy is joint prevention and control, focusing on training and drill: When public health emergencies occur, medical and health departments must rely on the joint efforts of communities, schools, transportation , public security and other departments. China has gained valuable experience in controlling covid-19. In addition, in the interval of emergency events, the training and drill of multi department joint prevention and control should also be strengthened. The fifth is to attach importance to material and talent reserve. Important materials, especially medical devices, drugs, vaccines and protective equipment (including masks, protective clothing, etc.) should be well stored to ensure that there will be no panic in case of large-scale poisoning, disease outbreak or bioterrorism attack. Excellent medical talents, especially excellent public health talents with both prevention and treatment capabilities, are crucial to the prevention and control of public health emergencies. After the outbreak of COVID-19, I believe that China and many other countries will strengthen the cultivation and reserve of excellent talents. And the last strategy is health promotion and education to improve the national health literacy: Under the extensive publicity and guidance of various media and communities, most of Chinese learned the correct skill on wearing masks, six-step washing technique and other self-protection skills. The improvement of national health literacy contributed to a large part of the successful control of COVID-19. Finally, let's focus on the preventive measures for emergency public health events. The first measure is to develop good health habits and behaviors. And the second is to carry out appropriate physical exercise to improve immunity. A large number of studies have proved that exercise is closely related to immunity. Moderate intensity exercise can effectively enhance the immune system function and help to resist the virus; regular exercise is also an emotional regulator, which has significant improvement and treatment effect on physical health, cognitive function and emotional disorders. Recent studies have shown that exercise, particularly whole-body dynamic cardiorespiratory exercise, instantaneously mobilizes literally billions of immune cells, especially those cell types that are capable of carrying out effector functions such as the recognition and killing of virus-infected cells. Exercise is especially beneficial for older adults who are more susceptible to infection in general and have also been identified as a particularly vulnerable population during this COVID-19 outbreak. The third is reasonable preventive medication and vaccination. For the high-risk and susceptible groups of infectious diseases, preventive drugs and vaccination can be reasonably carried out before infection, such as using chloroquine(氯喹) to prevent malaria, amantadine(金刚烷胺) to prevent Asian influenza, hepatitis A vaccine to prevent hepatitis A, etc. The fourth is to strengthen the training of escape skills. In some earthquake, fire, flood disaster prone areas, you should actively participate in some escape skills training and drills. The fifth is to pay attention to psychological guidance and relieve psychological pressure. For some residents with anxiety, depression and other symptoms, we should pay attention to the screening of emotional disorders and mental disorders, carry out psychological consultation and guidance, and guide them to relieve symptoms through exercise if necessary. The last is point is to abide by social norms and emergency management rules. During the outbreak of covid-19, residents were required to reduce outing and gathering, and actively supported and cooperated with the community in grid management, which proved to effectively reduce the R0 index and cut off the chain of community transmission. That’s all of the contents of this lecture, wish our course can share you with useful information, thanks for your attention, see you next time.
