[MUSIC] In this section, we offer a recap of the building blocks of an academic essay, and how to ensure that your ideas are presented in a coherent and cohesive manner. There is no sure recipe to write an essay. Christy Wampole writes a useful article called The Essayification of Everything, where she makes an appeal for everyone to engage with the complexities of the world as if they were writing an essay. Wampole warns against zealous and opinionated ways of responding to one another, especially in public spaces. She calls for a more open, sensitive, and thoughtful approach that accommodates other voices. Because this type of engagement is more visible in essays than in public fora, Wampole calls for the essayification of everything so that people can be more creative and less dogmatic, or rigid, in their thinking. So when you write your essays, remember not to fall into dogma by ignoring other possible ways of viewing the world. Also, as we emphasized in the first week of the course, an essay is a trial, or an attempt, so you are allowed to be creative with your ideas. However, in terms of structure, there are still some guidelines that we'd like you to bear in mind. Let's start with the introduction of an essay. The introduction serves to introduce the readers to the main topic under discussion, but it does much more. Some introductions start with a hook, an interesting fact or quote that entices the reader. For example, in the twentieth century alone, 100 million people died as the result of tobacco smoking. Some introductions also contain definitions of key terms. A good introduction presents an argument, that is, a viewpoint that writers will pursue and prove in the course of their essay. Finally, some introductions provide readers with a sort of road map of how the argument will unfold. Now let's move to the body of the essay. The body of the essay generally consists of a series of paragraphs following the introduction. In these, writers share their ideas to substantiate and support their argument. So if they were arguing for a ban on cigarettes, each of their paragraphs would offer a reason as to why cigarettes should be banned. For example, one paragraph could highlight the link between smoking and lung cancer. Another paragraph could discuss the harm caused to passive smokers. Yet another paragraph could speak about the adverse effects of cigarettes on the environment, and so forth. The ideas in each of these paragraphs are explained and supported with evidence. Remember that these ideas need to be presented in a coherent manner, and they need to be consistent with one another. These paragraphs, taken together, go on to support the position stated in the introduction. This is what makes up an argument in academic writing. The last part of the essay, also known as the conclusion, generally seeks to offer closure. It reminds the reader of the argument, and summarises how the argument has been supported throughout the essay. Some conclusions also offer food for thought, but they shouldn't offer additional ideas. Remember that these parts are the building blocks of your essay. And there needs to be clear links between the different parts so that the reader can easily follow your line of thought. Using the words such as also, in addition, moreover, furthermore, or however, nonetheless can enhance the flow of your writing. We know it's tempting, but avoid big words that you haven't fully grasped. Readers should be able to grasp your ideas, rather than be impressed by phrases that they cannot comprehend. Academic writing always builds on the ideas of other thinkers, so do reference any idea that is not your own. In other words, acknowledge where the idea comes from. We will explain referencing in greater detail, shortly. In brief, an essay without an introduction would be like driving without headlights on a moonless night. An argument without support would be like pitching a tent without poles. Lastly, always have your reader in mind. How would you want them to read your essay? And how would you want to persuade them about the strength of your argument? To make all these guidelines real, in the next section, we will look at our student writers and how they draft their essays. [MUSIC]