In the previous classes, we've learned two types of herbs that can be used for both food and medicine: one mainly acts to remove pathogenic factors and one to regulate the body. Now let's move on to the last part... one mainly acts to reinforce the body. Apparently, compared with the first two types, this type using for both food and medicine can tonify and reinforce the body. Undoubtedly, they are mainly used for weak constitution, i.e., to treat people with a weak body constitution and hypofunction. We're going to introduce three of them. First, Lian Zi (Semen Nelumbinis), I'm sure you all know Lian Zi or lotus seeds. We can eat Lian Zi all year round. We can eat it as a dessert, such as in Bai He Lian Zi Gen Geng (lily bulb and lotus seed soup). Let's take a look at the characteristics of Lian Zi. In property, it is moderate and neutral. Since it is neutral, of course, it can be used for both cold and heat syndrome. In addition, it is sweet in flavor and can tonify. So Lian Zi is neutral and can reinforce the body. At the same time, it is also acrid in flavor. Since acridity astringes, Lian Zi can reinforce and at the same time astringe. Lian Zi falls under the category of herbs that can astringe. What does it reinforce? and what does it astringe? Let's take a look at its meridian tropism. It's interesting that Lian Zi enters the heart, spleen and kidney meridians, covering the upper, middle and lower jiao. So I generalize that it astringe and reinforce the heart, spleen and kidney. First, it can reinforce the kidney, kidney plays an extremely important role in vital activities, and known as the prenatal base in Chinese medicine. Why? Because it stores essence. Kidney failing to store essence or impaired kidney function in storing essence may cause noctural emissions or spermatorrhea, which can greatly damage the body. In case of noctural emissions or spermatorrhea it's necessary to astringe kidney essence. How? To reinforce the kidney using Lian Zi, which can tonify the kidney and astringe essence. So it can be used to treat nocturnal emissions or spermatorrhea due to kidney deficiency. Kidney deficiency is a general term, covering kidney qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency or kidney yang deficiency. What kind of kidney deficiency does Lian Zi work for? Since it is neutral, Lian Zi can be Used for all kinds of kidney deficiency, which is called to benefit the kidney and secure essence. This is the first aspect. The second aspect: what does it astringe and tonify? It astrings and reinforces the spleen. We've mentioned spleen qi is important to maintain the spleen functions. Sufficient spleen qi ensurs normal tranportation and transformation, allowing spleen qi to ascend. Spleen qi deficiency can affect the tranportation and transformation, resulting in water-dampness. It can also affect ascending of spleen qi and result in qi sinking. Dampness due to spleen deficiency or clean-yang sinking due to spleen qi deficiency can cause diarrhea. Lian Zi can tonify the spleen and stop diarrhea due to spleen deficiency. Here I'd like to say more about another aspect. Water metabolism of human body is mainly associated with the spleen and kidney. The kidney is a water organ. The spleen governs transportation and transformation. Kidney or spleen deficiency can cause metabolic disorder of water, leading to dampness, which may in turn cause leucorrhea a common gynecological condition. We've mentioned previously that leucorrhea is caused by dampness. To treat leucorrhea, we need to dry and drain dampness. In terms of disease location, we need to tonify spleen or kidney. Lian Zi tonifies both the spleen and kidney and astringes, therefore it obtain very good effect for persistent leucorrhea due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney. This is the second aspect of astringing and tonifying function of Lian Zi. Now the last aspect is about the heart. The heart is not related to problems of nocturnal emissions or spermatorrhea. However, the heart dominates mind. Deficiency of heart qi or heart yang may affect heart mind, causing palpitations or insomnia. Since Lian Zi nourishes the heart and astringes heart mind, it can obtain very good effect for palpitations and insomnia due to disturbed heart mind. Also, in Chinese medicine, there is a pattern of palpitations and insomnia due to imbalance between the heart and kidney. Normally, there is state called heart-kidney coordination. Pathologically, this is called incoordination between the heart and kidney, which mainly manifests as palpitations, insomnia and restlessness. Since Lian Zi enters the heart and kidney meridians, it can harmonize the heart and kidney and can therefore be used to treat palpitations and insomnia. So we say Lian Zi is very good as a food and medicine. We eat it in our daily life but never realize that it is also a good medicine. Other Lian Zi-related products, like its green part called Lian Zi Xin (Plumula Nelumbinis). Compared with Lian Zi, Lian Zi Xin can calm the mind. However, it is very bitter in flavor and cold in nature, as a result, Lian Zi Xin can clear the heart and calm the mind and work for palpitations and insomnia due to hyperactivity of heart fire. Other related parts like He Ye (Folium Nelumbinis), He Gen (Petiolus Nelumbinis), Lian Xu (Stamen Nelumbinis) and Lian Fang (Rcceptaculum Nelumbinis) are of medicinal value. We can see that all parts of Lian Zi are valuable. So much for Lian Zi. Next, I'd like to talk about another popular one Gou Qi Zi (Fructus Lycii). Along with information technology, transportation and raising of our living standard, people become more and more concerned about health cultivation. Gou Qi Zi is one of the most popular products for health cultivation. We can even say that Gou Qi Zi is a household fruit. We all know that the best Gou Qi Zi is from Ningxia province. There are many Gou Qi Zi related health products. It is also extensive used in our diet. It's not so extensively used in medical prescriptions; however, it is very valuable. Gou Qi Zi is neutral and sweet, can therefore reinforce. What does it reinforce? It enters the liver and kidney meridians. At the same time, I'd like to let you know, it also enters the lung meridian, which I'm going to talk about later. Its main function is to tonify the liver and kidney. What specifically does it tonify? Let's take a look. Undoubtedly, in terms of categorization of Chinese materia medica, Gou Qi Zi tonifies yin, liver yin and kidney yin, and can be used to treat problems due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney. Also, by tonifying the liver and kidney, Gou Qi Zi can improve the eyesight and is often used for eye problems. But we have to be clear its major function is to tonify liver yin and kidney yin. We mentioned that it is neutral. According to ancient classics or if you've ever travelled to Ningxia province, there is a saying goes, 'stay away from Gou Qi Zi when your husband is not at home', which indicates its another function: to reinforce yang and help with male sexual function. This is related to the fact that Gou Qi Zi is neutral and can tonify essence blood. Consequently Gou Qi Zi is best indicated for yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, especially for eye problems due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney and other types of liver and kidney deficiency. For example, it can also be used to treat deficiency of liver blood and kidney essence and kidney yang deficiency. I'd like to emphasize that even the folk people know Gou Qi Zi benefits the eyes. The famous patent Chinese medicine Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six Ingredients Rehmannia Pill) act to tonify liver yin and kidney yin. Another patent Chinese medicine called Qi Ju Di Huang Wang (Lycium Berry, Chrysanthemum and Rehmannia Pill), by combining Gou Qi Zi and Ju Hua (Chrysanthemum), is often used to treat eye problems due to deficiency of the liver and kidney. Other than that, Gou Qi Zi alone can also benefit the eyes. It tastes good and can be used for eye problems due to either excessive or deficient syndrome. For red, swollen and painful eyes due to liver fire, you can combine with Ju Hua, just Gou Qi Zi and Ju Hua, one is white and the other red, in a glass, looks good and tastes good. This is its main function. I said I'll talk about its another function: to moisten the lung and stop coughing, which is often neglected. If we mention another herb the root bark of Gou Qi Zi named Di Gu Pi (Cortex Lycii). We know the major function of Di Gu Pi is to clear deficient heat, clear and moisten the lung and stop coughing. Gou Qi Zi shares the same effect in moistening the lung and alleviating cough. It is often used for unproductive cough or blood-stained phlegm due to lung yin deficiency. An even better effecdt can be achieved by Gou Qi Zi combined with Di Gu Pi. In this class, we are supposed to talk about three products. However, since we've already finished Shan Yao (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) when we mentioned the concept of herbs that can be used for both food and medicine. So we've introduced two products: Gou Qi Zi and Lian Zi. Both are very common in both clinical practice and daily life. In this unit, we've introduced a total of 12 herbs that can be used for both food and medicine. Half of these herbs, i.e., 6 herbs act to remove pathogenic factors; 3 herbs act to regulate the body; and another 3 to reinforce the body. Actually there are still many more. If you have further interest, you can read some relevant books or materials. So much for this class.